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Beans Latin America

013
Araya Villalobos, Rodolfo; González, Walter; Viana Ruano, Abelardo. 1995. Validación de las líneas mejoradas de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) MUS133 y MUS181 en la región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica. [Validation of improved bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines MUS133 and MUS181 in Northern Costa Rica]. Boletín Técnico Estación Experimental Fabio Baudrit (Costa Rica) Es. v. 28(2) p. 76-89.

The study was conducted at Los Chiles, Guatuso and Upala counties, province of Alajuela, from November 1994 to February 1995. The improved bean lines MUS133 and MUS181, which are tolerant to web-blight, a disease caused by the fungus Thanatephorus cucumeris, and to low phosphorus were validated. The lines were evaluated in 27 farms, planting 5 kg of each seed line and the local variety. The crop management corresponded to the one practiced by the farmer. A nested design of the genetic materials within localities was used, the farms constituted the replications. The area planted with each genetic material was measured. The information obtained about land and crop management, acceptance of the new materials, agronomic performance, organoleptic characters and marketing was based on surveys and visits to the farmers. There were no significant differences among localities, although there were (P=0.03) among materials within each locality. In Los Chiles and Guatuso, the improved lines significantly out-yielded the local varieties, while in Llano Azul and Bijagua there were no significant differences according to the Tukey test at 5 percent. The farmers considered the improved lines as having similar organoleptic characters as their varieties. The acceptancy was different in the localities. In Los Chiles, the farmers preferred the line MUS133 for its easiness to mechanize and thresh; while MUS181 was preferred in Guatuso and Upala. The main problem claimed by the farmers was the web-blight.

014
Borbón Castro, Eric; Janssen, Willem G. 1988. Estudio de adopción de variedades mejoradas de frijol en las regiones I y IV de Nicaragua : cosecha veranera 1987. Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura. San José (Costa Rica). 15 p. Es. (SB 327 .B6)

The degree of adoption of improved bean var. (Rev. 79, 81, 84, and 85, among others) in 2 regions of Nicaragua was assessed as well as their perfomance under field conditions. The information was collected by surveying 3 types of farmers (belonging to agricultural or credit cooperatives, and individual). Information is given regarding the availability and characterization of new var. and data are included of area and yields, amount of seed and agrochemicals application, consumption, and acceptance. The new var. outyielded native materials and farmers belonging to cooperatives adopted them to a greater extent. To improve seed availability institutional efforts are required as well as the establishment of a small-scale seed production program. (CIAT).

015
Gaona R., Jenny S.; Janssen, Willem G. 1990. Estudio de seguimiento a la línea de frijol PVA 476, tipo arbustivo, en la zona cafetera de Antioquia (Colombia). [Monitoring study of the PVA 476 bean line, shrub type, in the coffee zone of Antioquia (Colombia)]. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Cali (Colombia). 34 p. Es. (SB 327 .G3)

Bean line PVA 476 was introduced in Antioquia in 1983; it was submitted to regional, demonstration, and verification trials up to 1988, yr when anthracnose susceptibility was observed. Therefore, its offical release as a var. was postponed and farmers from the coffee-growing region of Antioquia were given 2 t of seed to be planted and tested under their management conditions. Results are given of a farmers' survey to assess the performance of bean line PVA 476. Aspects studied were economically important activities, farm area, management and/or cultural practices for line PVA 476 (seed used at planting, cropping system, fertilizer application, no. of sprays and products used for disease and pest control), harvesting and produce destination (production, yield index, and yield/ha), advantages, disadvantages, and opinions of the material assessed; this line was also compared with traditional var. as to pod fill, grain size and color, marketing, consumption, pests, and diseases. (CIAT)

016
Gargiulo, Carlos A.. 1986. Adopción de nuevas variedades de poroto negro en Argentina y retorno social de la inversión en investigación. [Adoption of new black bean varieties in Argentina and social rates of return of research investment]. In: Análisis descriptivo del sector porotero del noroeste argentino : adopción de nuevas variedades de poroto negro en Argentina y retorno social de la inversión en investigación. Estación Experimental Agro-Industrial Obispo Colombres, Tucumán (Argentina). (Publicación miscelánea ; no. 80). p. 55-104. (Es). (SB 327 .D36)

During the third growing season after the release of new black-bean varieties, the Obispo Colombres Agroindustrial Experiment Station, together with CIAT, decided to assess the degree of adoption of new technology and, based on this information, calculate the social returns to investment in research. The characteristics of farmers that adopted or did not adopt the technology were studied. Differences between traditional and new varieties were examined from the farmers' perspective, and the mechanisms of technology transfer analyzed. Adoption curves are given for Northwest Argentina, in general, anf for the Province of Tucumán, in particular. Returns to research on beans for both traditional and new varieties were assessed. The internal rate of return (IRR) obtained for a 6-year average of future prices was 50.65 percent for Northwest Argentina and 46.83 percent for Tucumán, with cost-to-benefit ratios of 5.43 and 1.94, respectively. Considering cash flows until 1985, the IRRs obtained were 40.06 percent for Northwest Argentina and 29.95 percent for Tucumán, with cost-to-benefit ratios of 2.92 and 1.38, respectively.

017
Hall Starbird, Ellen; Pachico, Douglas H. 1985. Informe preliminar sobre la aceptación de BAT 1297 en la zona cafetera de Caldas. [Preliminary report of the acceptability of BAT 1297 in the coffee-growing zone of Caldas]. [s.n.]. [S.l. (Colombia)]. 15 p. (Es). (SB 327 .H34)

Forty-four surveys were conducted on farmers growing the bean variety BAT 1297 in the department of Caldas, Colombia, and on prices in Mercaldas in the city of Manizales. This variety was found to very profitable when planted in association with coffee (both with and without agrochemicals) or with cassava, and in monoculture. Most farmers (76 percent) were satisfied with its yields, ranging between 25 and 29 kg per kilo of seed. 'BAT 1297' accounted for 40 percent of the market in Mercaldas, that is, more than any other variety. The study indicated that 86 percent of farmers will continue to plant 'BAT 1297' if the market is guaranteed, but only 14 percent would plant it for personal consumption. Among the reasons stated by farmers for planting 'BAT 1297', 35 percent were taking advantage of the ratoon of the coffee crop; 20 percent planted it as a trial; 16 percent because of a recommendation from FEDECAFE, and 14 percent because it fixes nitrogen. More than half of the farmers (53 percent) reported problems with pests and diseases.

018
Janssen, Willem G.; Luna González, Carlos Adolfo; Duque E., Myriam Cristina. 1992. Small-farmer behaviour towards bean seed : evidence from Colombia. Journal of Applied Seed Production (New Zealand) En. v. 10 p. 43-51.

In many developing countries, factors which guide farmers in their behaviour towards seed are not well understood. This leads to erroneous designs of seed systems. How farmers in a bean-growing region of Colombia perceive the seed they use, how they manage their seed and why they use seed from different sources is described. Primary information was collected in an area where farmers plant "selected" seed from a co-operative specialising in bean seed production, commercial grain or their own farm-produced seed. Most farmers did not have their own seed available, and this was the principal reason for purchasing. There was no yield advantage for the "selected" seeds. This information was used to evaluate bean seed-purchasing behaviour and to produce guidelines for bean seed production and distribution systems.

019
Janssen, Willem G.; Luna González, Carlos Adolfo; López Salinas, Ernesto. 1989. La adopción de la variedad negro huasteco 81 en las huastecas de México. [Adoption of Negro Huasteco 81 bean variety in Huastecas region of Mexico]. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Cali (Colombia). 40 p. ES. (SB 327 .J3)

The present research tries to define the impact of the improved bean variety Negro Huasteco 81. This variety was released by INIA in 1982 for the Huastecas region. The variety diffused well and is now planted on 30 percent of the bean area. Associated benefits are around US$600000 for the year of study. The success of Negro Hnasteco was not only caused by its tolerance to Bean Golden Mosaic Virus, but also by its overall fytosanitary performance and its ability to stand droucght. Cultural practices did not change significantly because of the adoption of Negro Huasteco 81. Seed availability has been a principal constraint to higher adoption. The authors suggest to increase the area of diffusion.

020
Janssen, Willem G.; Ruiz de Londoño, Norha; Beltrán, Javier A.; Woolley, Jonathan N. 1991. On-farm research in support of varietal diffusion : bean production in Cajamarca, Peru. In: Planned change in farming systems : progress in on-farm research. John Wiley and Sons, West Sussex (United Kingdom). p. 191-214. En. (S 540 .O53 P5)

The effectiveness of on-farm research as a means to improve the adoption of technologies was analyzed, together with its impact on farmers' income. This case study describes the adoption of the bean variety Gloriabamba by farmers of Cajamarca Department, part of the Andean region of Peru. Variety Gloriabamba was introduced to Cajamarca from CIAT as G 2829 (Mexican germplasm) and released in 1985. On-farm trials were conducted between 1978 and 1989, and included 13 phases of field observation and adoption studies. On-farm assessment involved inventorying innovations in bean cultivation, identifying reasons for change, disseminating technologies, and determining the possible nexus between change and on-farm trial and the relationships between different technologies. Major technological changes were (1) the adoption of variety Gloriabamba; (2) the change of planting system from broadcasting to furrow planting, which increased the number of plants/ha from 20,000 to 27,000 and reduced planting distance in associated bean-maize crops; (3) reduced use of inputs, mainly pesticides and fertilizers; and (4) increased area planted to beans, and expanded fresh market. The impact of on-farm research in Cajamarca was expressed as the adoption of new technologies represented in the following increases (estimates between 1985 and the year 2000): in a favorable scenario of 883 t (by genetic improvement) and 2,872 t (by improved cultivation practices), an income equivalent to US$1,910 million; and in an unfavorable scenario of 678 t and 1,082 t, respectively, an income of US$890 million.

021
Janssen, Willem G.; Ruiz de Londoño, Norha. 1994. Modernization of a peasant crop in Colombia : evidence and implications. Agricultural Economics (Netherlands) v. 10(1) p. 13-25 En.

The survival of the small-farm sector in the process of agricultural modernization in Latin America has been a concern for many authors and institutions. It is generally believed that the small-farm sector is bypassed in the process of agricultural development. The authors analyze modernization of bean-maize cropping systems in Southern Colombia. Prices, production practices and profitability are compared for 1975 and 1989. By means of a production function, the effects of allocative efficiency, technical efficiency and technical change on productivity and profitability are analyzed. The observed changes reflect very well the price trends over the period. Between 1975 and 1989, total factor productivity increased by 50 percent. Bean/maize producers almost doubled returns to land and labor. Increased technical efficiency had most effect on profitability, followed by technical change. Allocative efficiency had more impact on yields than on profitability because it was associated with high input costs. Considerable opportunities for further productivity increases were identified. Conclusions on the nature of the modernization process are drawn. Implications for agricultural policy research and the role of the small farm in agricultural development are derived.

022
Janssen, Willem G.; Teixeira, Sônia Milagres; Thung, Michael D.. 1992. Adoçao de cultivares melhoradas do feijao em estados selecionados no Brasil. [The adoption if improved bean varieties in some Brazilian states]. Revista da Economia e Sociologia Rural (Brasil) v. 30(4) p. 321-338 Pt. (60066)

Dry bean production in Brazil can be maintained at 2.5 million ton/year, only through increasing the acreage of production, whereas productivity is decreasing since 1970. In 1981 EMBRAPA (the Brazilian Agricultural Research Organization) and CIAT (The International Agricultural Research Center, with world mandate for bean improvement) have started a joint collaboration emphasizing improved bean technology. In 1991, an adoption survey was held to evaluate the improved bean cultivars in the states of Espirito Santo (ES), Goias (GO), Minas Gerais (MG) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ). About 75 percent of a total bean area of 812,000 ha is planted with improved varieties. Carioca, released by IAC (Instituto Agronômico de Campinas) is the most widely grown (48 percent of total area) variety. The new releases from the collaborative program occupy 25 percent and other national cultivars 2 percent of total area. The collaborative cultivars outyielded the traditional cultivars by 196 kg/ha in monoculture and 128 kg/ha in mixed cropping. The monetary impact of improved cultivars was estimated in US$ 40 million for 1991, of which 45 percent pertain to collaborative cultivars. Carioca and collaborative cultivars have not yet reached their adoption ceiling. EMGOPA-Ouro, Serrano and Xodó are expected to continue rapid difusion. In two states a number of cultivars spread simultaneously suggesting that multiple release strategies are very feasible. The adoption took place at a rather depressed bean market showing that technology generation is also useful in a situation where demand is not increasing. The availability of improved cultivars contributed to maintain average bean prices stable over the year, to the benefit of the poor consumer.

023
Janssen, Willem G.; Teixeira, Sonia Milagres; Thung, Michael D. The adoption of improved bean varieties in Brazil. Trends in CIAT commodities (CIAT) (no.111) p. 36-78 En.

Dry beans are one of the most important food items for the poor of Brazil. To support the role of beans in the diet, EMBRAPA (the Brazilian agricultural research organization) and CIAT (the international agricultural research center with the mandate for bean improvement) have put considerable emphasis on generating improved bean technology. An adoption survey was held to evaluate the improved bean varieties released in the states of Espirito Santo, Goias, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. Of a total bean area of 812,000 ha 75 percent is planted with improved varieties. Carioca, a variety released by the Instituto Agronomico de Campinas is the most widely grown variety, grown on 48 percent of the area. Other national varieties were grown on 2 percent of the area. The varieties developed in collaboration between EMBRAPA-CNPAF, the state institutions and CIAT were planted on 25 percent of the bean area. In monoculture, the CNPAF-state-CIAT varieties contribute most to yield increases, roughly 195 kg/ha. In mixed cropping, Carioca contributed 196 kg/ha to yield increases and the CNPAF-state-CIAT varieties 128 kg/ha. The monetary impact of the improved varieties is estimated at over US$ 40 million for the year 1991, of which 45 percent pertains to the CNPAF-state-CIAT varieties. Both Carioca and the CNPAF-state-CIAT varieties have not yet reached their adoption ceiling. Some varieties, such as EMGOPA-Ouro, Serrano and Xodo are expected to continue their diffusion rapidly. In two states, a number of varieties spread simultaneously through the population, which suggests that multiple release strategies are very feasible. There were no significant differences between adopters and non-adopters of improved varieties, with the exception of the preference of producers with irrigation for Carioca. The widespread adoption of Carioca is due to its easy marketability, as well as its agronomic characteristics. The varieties developed between CNPAF, state agencies and CIAT appear agronomically superior, but commercially inferior. As a result, these varieties are often found on less commercial, less capitalized farms. Because traditional varieties are still widely grown, the introduction of improved varieties with a very international background (e.g., parents from Mexico, Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia, etc.) helped to increase genetic diversity. The adoption of the improved varieties took place while the market for beans was rather depressed. This shows that technology generation is also useful in a situation where demand is not increasing. It can be concluded that the availability of the improved varieties contributed to maintaining average bean prices constant over the years, to the benefit of the poor consumer.

024
Luna González, Carlos Adolfo; Janssen, Willem G.; Duque E., Myriam Cristina. 1991. Farmers' attitudes toward bean seed : evidence from the Santander Department in Colombia. Trends in CIAT Commodities (CIAT) En. (no.1.16) p. 41-64.

A study was conducted in the municipalities of San Gil, Barichara, and Villanueva (Santander, Colombia) to understand farmers' attitudes with respect to bean seed and derive conclusions on the design of bean seed production and distribution schemes. Farmers were selected and interviewed from a list of seed sales of a cooperative that has developed a program for producing quality bean seed. Results are given of the characterization of bean farmers in the region, outlets for seed sales, seed productivity, farmers' perception of seed characteristics, and farmers who keep and purchase seed. The 5 reasons why a farmer is inclined to purchase bean seed are discussed as follows: (1) aspects that limit storage (weevil attack, heating due to storing moist seed, and fungus attack), (2) cash flow, (3) yield, (4) production planning, and (5) desire to try another var. (CIAT).

025
Luna González, Carlos Adolfo; Janssen, Willem G.; López Salinas, Ernesto. 1989. La adopción de la variedad negro huasteco 81 en el área norte del Golfo de México. [Adoption of Negro Huasteco 81 bean variety in the north of Mexico]. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Cali (Colombia). 36 h. Es. (SB 327 .L8)

026
Munguía, Roberto; Sotelo, Marcos; Viana Ruano, Abelardo. 1996. Estudio de aceptabilidad en consumo, de dos líneas promisorias de frijol, para Nicaragua. [ A study of the consumer's acceptance of two promising strains of bean in Nicaragua]. Agronomía Mesoamericana (C.R.). Es. v. 7(2) p. 31-36.

In January, 1994, we performed this research with more than 100 housekeepers in three departments in the Nicaraguan South, with the objective of getting to know the advantages for commerce and for direct consumption of the strains CIA93-B and CNIGB-93, which are currently in their validation stage in the fields. The strain COMPANIA 93-B bested CNIGB-93 in such characteristics as: grain size, shape, shine, color uniformity, grain uniformity and consistency, but was not any better if compared with the variety known as "creole" (known in the region also as "Cuarenteno"), utilized as the comparison sample. By consulting the surveys with those characteristics considered attractive for the commerce, concerning the material to be evaluated, the creole variety surpasses COMPANIA 93-B and, in the last place, we had the variety CNIGB-93. In cooking time and on the characteristics of the soup, COMPANIA 93-B is in the first place, surpassing the sample variety and the CNIGB-93, as wells in the after-cooked characteristics, where again COMPANIA 93-B surpassed the creole and the CNIGB-93.

027
Munguía, Roberto; Sotelo, Marcos; Viana Ruano, Abelardo; Vanegas, José Angel. [s.d.]. Validación y aceptabilidad de dos líneas promisorias de frijol, en el Pacífico Sur de Nicaragua. [Evaluation and acceptability of two bean promising lines in the south Pacific of Nicaragua]. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Managua (Nicaragua). Trabajo socioeconómico. 10 p. (Es). (SB 327 .M863)

A trial was conducted to validate and determine farmers' acceptance of two promising beans lines, coded as CIA93-B (RAB 463) and CNIGB-93 (DOR-391). Forty validation plots were established on farmers' fields in the Pacific southern region of Nicaragua in 1994B. Agronomic results indicated that CIA93-B (RAB 463) is better than the local variety, known as 'Rojo Nacional' and commonly used for planting and consumption, for grain weight, stem sturdiness, yield, disease resistance, plant type, grain shape and size, and moisture tolerance. Similar scores were assigned for storage quality, fertilizer requirements, suitability for intercropping, soil requirements, pest resistance, grain color, time to maturity and readiness for consumption. The other line assessed, CNIGB-93 (DOR 391), scored better than the local variety for moisture tolerance, plant type, stem sturdiness, grain shape and size, yield, disease resistance, and grain weight. Collaborating farmers scored this line as similar in soil requirements, storage quality, fertilizer requirements, suitability for intercropping, time to maturity, and readiness for consumption.

028
Pachico, Douglas H. 1989. After the green revolution : technical change in bean production in Colombia, Costa Rica and Guatemala. In: Social science perspectives on managing agricultural technology. International Irrigation Management Institute, Colombo (Sri Lanka). p. 143-154. En. (S 540 .A2 S6)

The high demand for inputs is a condition that limits the access of low-income farmers to new technologies for some crops. Accordingly, the CIAT Bean Program oriented its research toward developing low-input technologies. The strategy was based on improving varieties for pest and disease resistance, low fertilization requirements, and drought tolerance. The adoption of these new varieties was especially high in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Colombia. In Costa Rica, the variety Talamanca, released in 1981, is characterized by its disease resistance, plant architecture, and acceptable production (586 kg/ha). However, by changing the "covered" planting system to "hill-plot planting", yields increased to 1,100 kg/ha. In 1985, this variety was planted in 85 percent of bean-producing farms. In Guatemala, variety Quetzal-Tamazulpa, resistant to bean golden mosaic virus, was released in 1979. In this country in 1985, the adoption rate (percentages in parentheses) of improved varieties by farmers, according to cropping system, was as follows: monoculture (28), maize-beans (20), maize-sorghum-beans (18), and other systems (23). The adoption of improved varieties depended on time to maturity, drought tolerance, performance in associated cropping, and quality for consumption. In Colombia, the variety Llanogrande was released in 1982. Although this variety is resistant to anthracnose and is high yielding (2 t/ha), it was little accepted by growers and consumers who were used to the regional variety.

029
Pachico, Douglas H. 1987. Estudios de casos sobre cambio tecnológico en la producción de frijol en América Latina. [Case studies on technological change for bean production in Latin America]. In: Taller [sobre] la Investigación de Frijol en Campos de Agricultores de América Latina. Cali (Colombia). 16-25 Feb 1987. La investigación de frijol en campos de agricultores de América Latina : memorias de un taller. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia). (Documento de trabajo ; no. 27). p. 199-219. (Es). (HD 9235 .B4 I5)

Case studies of Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Colombia on the adoption of improved technology were reviewed to (1) determine to what extent technology has been adapted to the needs of farmers with limited resources, (2) analyze the relationship between adoption of new varieties and changes in farm management, and (3) examine the socioeconomic and institutional context as a determinant factor of opportunities for technological change. The impact of new technology is critically related to the effectiveness of seed production and distribution, market points, extension, and on-farm research. Improved technology for farming systems should be designed on the basis of site-specific biotic and socioeconomic characteristics. Case studies of bean farmers in marginal areas, where a disease resistance strategy was applied, indicate that bean production can be improved an outstanding example is the case of Costa Rica, where production doubled in the 1980s.

030
Pachico, Douglas H. 1987. Impact of improved varieties in bean production in Latin America : a preliminary review. Trends in CIAT Commodities (CIAT) En. (1.12) p. 3-12.

Findings to 1987 of some studies of adoption of new bean var. in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Argentina, Cuba, and Nicaragua are briefly reviewed. In 1980, Costa Rica released the improved var. Talamanca, and var. Brunca in 1981. It is estimated that 21,700 ha were planted to improved bean var. in 1985. In 1979, the improved var. ICTA Quetzal, Tamazulapa, and Jutiapa were released in SE Guatemala. According to the 1985 and 1986 surveys, 23.8 and 30.0 percent, resp. of farmers had adopted improved bean var. In 1980, 4 improved black bean var. (DOR 41, BAT 304, BAT 448, and BAT 76) began to be disseminated in Argentina. It is estimated that some 90,000 ha were planted with improved bean var. in 1986. In Cuba, in 1979, the improved var. Pijao was released. New bean var. in Cuba have been accompanied by improved management practices including fertilization, irrigation, and pest control. Several improved lines (Revolucion 79, Revolucion 81, and Revolucion 83), developed at CIAT, have been released as var. in Nicaragua. (CIAT).

031
Pachico, Douglas H.; Borbón Castro, Eric. 1986. La adopción de nuevas variedades de frijol en Costa Rica : logros y desafíos. [Adoption of bean new varieties in Costa Rica : achievements and challenges]. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Cali (Colombia). 12 ref. (Es). (SB 327 .P32).

Results of a survey of 159 farmers in southern Costa Rica indicate that the new bean varieties Talamanca and Brunca are widely adopted. This report analyzes the factors determining their success. The role played by seed availability is considered. Farmers evaluated these varieties in terms of yield, plant architecture, and disease tolerance. Adoption was greater in the planted system than in the covered system. The economic analysis of both systems attempted to determine why the planted system is displacing the covered system by examining land use and costs and returns of the two production systems. The covered bean system is used more by large-scale farmers, whereas the planted system is relatively more important among small farmers.

032
Pachico, Douglas H.; Borbón Castro, Eric. 1987. Technical change in traditional small farm agriculture: the case of beans in Costa Rica. Agricultural Administration and Extension (United Kingdom) (En). v. 26 p. 65-74.

Although the conventional view has been that technical change has generally bypassed the small farmer in Latin America, the case of beans in Costa Rica illustrates how new technologies can reach the small farmer. The institutional innovation of a multi-institutional integrated effort of research on-farm trials, seed production and marketing provided a means of developing and transferring new technology to small farmers. Simultaneously, increasing, pressure on available land resources undermined the viability of traditional small farm production systems, making attractive the adoption of more capital and labor intensive production systems. The design of improved technology for small farmers must be guided therefore, by a dynamic integrated flow of services to facilitate technology development transfer.

033
Parada Pozo, José Jairo. 1994. Estudio de la producción comercial de frejol en el departamento de Santa Cruz (Bolivia), sus limitaciones y perspectivas . 1992. [Study of bean commercial production in Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia), constraints and prospects - 1992]. Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Carrera de Ingeniería Agronómico. Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia). 132 p. (Es). (HD 9235 .B4 P3)

A survey of four geographical areas describes the status of the Bolivian bean crop. During winter, beans are produced on farms, with an average size of 2.1 ha, for the exclusive production of commercial grain. Farmers have access to credit, technical assistance, and production control, especially in the eastern and central regions of the country. The Carioca-type 'SEL-1' is the most widely grown commercial variety, accounting for about 90 percent of commercial production. About 42.5 percent of farmers use certified seed for planting, particularly in the eastern region where all farmers purchase this type of seed. The average commercial yield across different production regions was 807 kg/ha, with the highest levels of production in the south and the lowest in the east, where farmers generally do not use agrochemicals nor adequate planting densities. Constraints affecting commercial bean production include drought and, in some areas, excess moisture at harvest, which affects up to 52.5 percent of crops and causes mainly grain mottling. Another serious problem is the pressure exerted on market prices caused by a single sales market, thus making vulnerable 51.4 percent of farmers, who say they do not know the sales price.

034
Ruiz de Londoño, Norha. 1988. Cambio tecnológico en el cultivo de frijol en el oriente de Antioquia (No publicado). Es.

035
Ruíz de Londoño, Norha. [s.d.]. Seguimiento de adopción de la variedad Llanogrande en el oriente de Antioquia. [Monitoring the adoption of variety Llanogrande in eastern Antioquia]. [s.n.]. [Medellín (Colombia)]. 29 p. (Es). (SB 327 .R849)

The status of adoption of the bean variety ICA Llanogrande (Ecuador 1056) in eastern Antioquia, Colombia, was studied. Two years after its release, the areas planted to this variety were mapped and farmers, technicians, and vendors involved with 'ICA Llanogrande' were interviewed. Of the 107 farmers interviewed in 1984, only one had planted the variety, although 11 had heard about it. Of the farmers who had had access to seed, 27 percent found problems of rot at germination, and 65 percent considered plant development to be poor and that the variety's market price was lower than that of variety Cargamanto. The survey also indicated that farmers did not know how to plant the variety, thus affecting both its physical and economic yields. In on-farm trials, however, the yields obtained with 'ICA Llanogrande' would give returns similar to those of variety Cargamanto. Despite these apparent disadvantages, this variety is considered a good option for those areas marginal to the cultivation of 'ICA Cargamanto' or where anthracnose is a production constraint.

036
Ruiz de Londoño, Norha. García, James Arbey. Pachico, Douglas H.. Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación. Proyecto Regional de Frijol para la Zona Andina. Impacto de la adopción de frejol Phaseolus vulgaris L. en Santa Cruz, Bolivia 1999 / Norha Ruiz de Londoño, James Arbey García, Douglas Pachico. Cali, Colombia : Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 2000 . 38 p. : il.. .[SB 327 .R859]

The results of a study to evaluate the adoption and impact of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 20 years after having been introduced by the Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM) and CIAT (Colombia) is presented. The objective of introducing beans in Santa Cruz was to involve Bolivia in the production of a food that contributes to improvement of nutritional standards of consumers and provide farmers new income and land use options. The study included three levels: production, urban and rural consumption and commercialization. At regional level, secondary information was obtained to analyze the contribution of beans in agricultural production, its evolution and markets. At producers level, primary information was obtained to analyze changes introduced by bean cultivation, manual labor and other production resources; also, the impact on the welfare of the producers families involved in the cultivation were identified and evaluated. At consumers level primary information was obtained to analyze the incorporation of beans to the nutritional diet and its relative importance in the ingestion of calories and proteins. The results of the study are grouped in five subjects: 1) level of beans adoption, 2) impact on the region, 3) impact on the production and producers, 4) impact on consumption, and 5) impact on welfare. Before 1979 in Santa Cruz beans were not cultivated: 20 years later (1999) the planted area was nearly 20 thousand hectares. At the moment, Bolivia exports beans: in 1997 the exports reached 9 million dollars; thanks to beans farmers entering the market economy, and 61% of the beans produced is exported. Beans created new employment sources for the producer and his family: 58% of the used wages are contributed by the family farmer. Thanks to beans the necessity to emigrate to other regions in winter to search for job was substantially reduced. In Santa Cruz beans was not consumed: in 1999 the consumption was estimated in 9 thousand tons per year. In the rural sector beans contribute one third of the daily protein requirements, and in the urban sector the poorest consumers replace beans with 17% of the daily protein requirements. The success of this project is attributed to the conjugation of several factors, institutions and strategic alliances: technological supply with germplasm and training (CIAT, Beans Regional Project for the Andean Zone -PROFRIZA- and UAGRM); the farmers grouped in the National Association of Beans Producers (ASOPROF), the Menonita Association of Economic Development (MEDA), and the financial support of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (COSUDE).

037
Ruiz de Londoño, Norha; Janssen, Willem G.. 1990. Un caso de adopción de tecnología: la variedad de frijol Gloriabamba en Perú. [A case study of technology adoption: Gloriabamba bean variety in Peru]. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Cali (Colombia). Documento de trabjo; no. 61. 93 p. Es. (SB 327 .R83)

The process of adoption of bean var. Gloriabamba in Cajamarca is described; the impact of its adoption in Peru is assessed in terms of agronomic management, farmer resource management, productivity, and produce destination. The future of the var. is determined as well as the demand of 2nd generation technology underlying the process of adoption. The area studied was the northern region of the Peruvian Sierra, characterized by highlands, limited water resources, and small farm agriculture. Access from this area to the consumption centers located on the Peruvian coast is slow and difficult, due to road poor conditions. Information for the study was collected in a survey to bean farmers and retailers, using a questionnaire designed for that purpose. Three yr after its release in Cajabamba, the var. has spread to bean growing provinces in the states of Cajamarca and Amazone, although to a lesser extent. In the 3 provinces studied, the var. is being planted by 65 percent of farmers in 35 percent of the bean growing area, with yield increases of 90 percent over the local var. Adopting the var. increased regional production 27 percent in 1988 and that of the state of Cajamarca in 22 percent. Additional production due to var. Gloriabamba adoption is estimated in 3038 t, for a total of US$1,519,000. Additional production has been mainly devoted to consumption in further areas and to marketing of the green produce in areas nearby cities. Marketing of the green product was very profitable due to the higher relative price of the green grain and to the substantial reduction in growth cycle (approx. 50 percent), which allowed for better land use in irrigated areas. Income generated by access of the additional produce to the market allowed farmers to apply more expensive agronomic practices which, in turn, improved the performance of both new and traditional var. The var. is currently demanding 2nd generation technology for bean weevil control and a more rational use of pre-harvest pesticides. (AS- CIAT)

038
Ruiz de Londoño, Norha. Pachico, Douglas H. La adopción de tecnología de manejo integrado de plagas, MIP : estudio de caso en habichuela en la provincia de Sumapaz (Colombia) / Norha Ruiz de Londoño, Douglas Pachico. Cali, Colombia : Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. 1997. 54 h. : il. [HC 79 .T4 R8]

The adoption and impact of integrated pest management (IPM) technology were evaluated in a pilot project for snap bean in the province of Sumapáz, Colombia. CIAT began this project in 1988 with the collaboration of ICA-CORPOICA (Colombia) and the support of IDRC (Canada). The project aims to identify technological proposals that involve efficient pest and disease management, with a minimum of environmental risk. Specific project objectives are to determine the level of adoption per IPM component and per overall strategy; identify adoption constraints, and assess impact of intervention policies regarding pesticide use. Two methodologies were used: (1) definition of the situation prior to IPM technology and (2) definition of status of snap bean production after dissemination of IPM technology. The proposed IPM methodology included six components: (1) destruction of ratoons and harvest waste; (2) application of granular insecticide at planting; (3) yellow traps for whiteflies to reduce insect populations; (4) collection and destruction of leaves left by pruning; (5) application of insecticide when whitefly incidence reaches level 3, and (6) disease management with specific fungicides. Results indicate that several IPM components, such as application of granular insecticide at planting, destruction of crop residues, and monitoring of the whitefly, were adopted. The adoption of the proposed technology did not reduce the number of pesticide applications per harvest or rationalize the use of pesticides, which were the main IPM objectives for snap bean in that region. Farmers did not adopt the complete IPM package because they considered this method of pest control more complicated than the traditional pesticide-based technology. A phased delivery of the IPM package was proposed, giving priority to those control components that are most autonomous or solvent. The adoption of IPM processes, as those proposed for this region, requires complementary policies that offer incentives to farmers. The comprehensive nature of pest and disease management should envisage the production system. The presence of other crops in the region that receive intensive applications of pesticides voids the beneficial effects of crop-specific IPM. Factors, such as susceptibility of snap bean varieties to pathogens and highly variable prices for products, also limit the acceptance of those technologies implying higher risks than those involving pesticide use. IPM includes moments of non-application of insecticides, which are defined according the severity of pest attack and market prices, but do not consider the investment made nor price instability as elements of risk, which are highly important in the case of snap bean.

039
Ruiz de Londoño, Norha; Sanders, John H.; Pachico, Douglas H.; Herrera Durán, Oscar. 1985. Evaluación de nueva tecnología de frijol a nivel de finca sur de Huila, Colombia, 1978-1980. [On farm evaluation of new bean technology, Southern, Huila, Colombia, 1978-80]. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Cali (Colombia). Documento de trabajo ; no. 4. 29 p. Es. (SB 327 .R85)

On-farm research results of 3 yr evaluating new bean technology (var. and cultural practices) at Pitalito, Suaza, and Timana in southern Huila, Colombia, are presented. Clean seed, insecticides, increased plant density, fertilizers, and new var. for both monocropped and associated (maize) beans were the components evaluated. No response was observed to the use of fertilizers, especially P. Farmer seed produced yields as high as those obtained from clean seed. Increased yields and net income/ha were obtained with the use of pesticides together with higher plant densities and intensive weed control. Yields increased 66-85 percent compared with farmer technology; however, returns to investments did not increase significantly since total costs also increased with improved technology. Var. ICA L-24 outyielded the local var. Calima with insecticides and fungicides. The net income/ha was 2-3 times higher for the bean/maize association than for monocropped beans. (CIAT).

040
Stabile, Martin; Sanders, John H.; Phillips, Truman P. 1984. New technology introduction in a marginal coffee area of Colombia. Food Policy (USA) En. v. 9(3) p. 245-251.

The recent abrupt price decline in coffee poses a large adjustment problem in marginal production areas of Colombia. One method of farm income stabilization for marginal export crop production areas is diversification into food crops using improved technology. With this purpose, a diversification program was designed and conducted in a marginal coffee region-the municipality of Restrepo, Valle del Cauca-based on bean technologies developed at CIAT. The potential for a cushioning of the farm income decline via the introduction of improved food crop technology was examined. A substantial moderating effect was obtained even without outrooting the improved coffee technology. An analysis of the constraints to the earlier introduction of the coffee var.Caturra allowed the identification of some of the components of farmer decision making concerning the adoption of new technology. (AS).

041
Uclés, Nolvia; Viana Ruano, Abelardo. 1989. Estudio de seguimiento de la variedad de frijol Catrachita, en seis regiones de Honduras. [Monitoring study of Catrachita bean variety in six regions of Honduras]. Secretaría de Recursos Naturales. Tegucigalpa (Honduras). 9 p. Es. (SB 327 .U2)

To measure the degree of dissemination of bean var. Catrachita, released by the Hondurian National Bean Program in May 1987, a follow-up survey was conducted during both planting cycles (1st and 2nd) in 1988. A total of 154 farmers and 30 technicians (agricultural extension workers) were interviewed in the main bean producing regions of the country: El Paraiso, Olancho, Valle de Yoro, Francisco Morazan, Comayagua, and Occidente. Results indicate that this var. is mostly grown in the SE part of the country, where the area planted to this var. accounts for 54.4 percent of the total area planted to beans during the 2nd growth cycle (according to data reported by the farmers surveyed). Over the 6 regions surveyed, the area planted to var. Catrachita accounted for 11 percent of the total area planted to beans. Of the farmers participating in the survey, 84 percent will continue planting this var. Av. yields of 1006 MT/ha are obtained in commercial plots. Commercial and agronomic characteristics, in order of importance for the farmers surveyed, are grain wt. (68.2 percent), grain size (62.3 percent), grain color (62 percent), yield (59.1 percent), disease resistance (44.1 percent), consumer quality (43 percent), and plant architecture (38 percent). Of the farmers surveyed, 29.22 found no disadvantage in planting the var.; however, 21.43 percent considered it a late maturing var., 12.34 percent considered it susceptible to diseases, 12.34 percent susceptible to excess water, and 10.39 percent, low yielding. Most of the farmers surveyed considered that var. Catrachita has superior characteristics compared with other bean var. currently grown. (AS-CIAT).

042
Validación y aceptabilidad de dos líneas promisorias de habichuela para República Dominicana. [Evaluation and acceptability of two promising lines of snap beans for Dominican Republic]. [s.d.]. SEA ; PROFRIJOL. [Santo Domingo (República Dominicana]). Trabajo socioeconómico. 12 p. (Es). (SB 327 .V34)

To determine suitability for the Dominican Republic, two promising snap bean lines, coded as PC-21SM-A and PC-21SM-E, were evaluated by farmers and commercial middlemen in last growing season of 1994. Results indicated that both lines were well accepted by the different beneficiaries to whom they were submitted. However, some preference was shown for PC-21SM-E, not only by farmers, but also by consumers and wholesalers because of its better performance than traditional varieties (such as PC-50, José Beta, and Constanza I) for yield, grain color, and culinary characteristics. Yield data indicated that line PC-21SM-E surpassed variety PC-50 by 12 percent and José Beta by 25 percent. No comparison was made with Constanza I because only one farmer used this variety as check. Despite the yield increase, no statistically significant difference was found at the 5 percent level. Line PC-21SM-A, despite having an average yield 5 percent lower than that of PC-21SM-E, surpassed PC-50 by 6.4 percent and José Beta by 19 percent. Once again, the comparison with Constanza I was not feasible because only one farmer planted and harvested this variety. A major finding of this study was that the two lines evaluated can be released to farmers with an assured high adoption rate in the medium term. This report summarizes the most outstanding study results obtained, mostly data recorded in the validation plots located in the valley of San Juan de la Maguana and by collaborating farmers.

043
Van Herpen, Dorien; Polio, Maribel de. 1991. Aceptabilidad de frijol al nivel de consumidor y mercado en El Salvador : noviembre/diciembre, 1988. [Consumer and markets acceptability of beans in El Salvador]. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Cali (Colombia). 96 p. (Es). (HD 9235 .B4 V36)

The Salvadoran National Center for Agricultural Technology (CENTA, its Spanish acronym) and CIAT carried out a study in 1988 in rural and urban areas to identify bean grain type requirements for the Salvadoran market and consumers. The study also evaluated the acceptability of the varieties CENTA Itzalco and CENTA Jiboa, compared with the variety Rojo de Seda. The varieties' characteristics were evaluated for visual, cooking, and organoleptic qualities by consumers at different levels of income in Santa Ana, San Vicente, and San Miguel. The varieties' commercial qualities were also evaluated: status for sale, purchase prices, and year-round availability. In 1987, 90 percent of farmers planted red varieties. The variety Itzalco was planted by 40 percent of farmers of San Miguel and 13 percent of those of San Vicente. Family consumption preferences determined, in part, the variety planted because about 50 percent of production is for family consumption. Of the people interviewed, 98 percent agreed that red variety Itzalco is better for consumption and 92 percent considered that this variety performs best in the field. The variety Rojo de Seda did not perform well in the field in San Miguel. Ninety-eight percent of the farmers said they would continue to plant 'Itzalco' and 'Jiboa'.

044
Van Herpen, T.C. 1986. Adopción de Frijol ICA 3.3. a nivel de finca relacionado con la variedad local : Cargamanto en el oriente de Antioquia, noviembre de 1986. [Adoption of Frijol ICA 3.3 in farms related with the local variety Cargamanto in eastern Antioquia, November 1986]. [s.n.]. [Medellín (Colombia)]. 39 p. (Es). (SB 327 .V363)

The adoption of bean variety Frijol ICA 3.3 in the municipalities of Carmen de Viboral, San Vicente, and Marinilla in eastern Antioquia, Colombia, was studied. This region is almost exclusively planted to bean variety Cargamanto because of its good yields and market acceptability. The survey involved 33 participants at a field day held at ICA's La Selva Experiment Station. Of the farmers who participated in the on-farm trials of the variety Frijolica 3.3, 56 percent decided not to continue planting it, 19 percent consumed the entire harvest, and the rest preferred payment for the produce but then decided not to continue with the variety; 43 percent of farmers considered that the variety Frijolica 3.3 does not have the advantages of the variety Cargamanto, even though they recognized its resistance to anthracnose. Although farmers' opinions differed among the three municipalities, in general, they agreed that a variety similar to Cargamanto should be developed, but with a greater tolerance of anthracnose. Monocropping was found to enhance bean yields.

045
Van Herpen, T.C.; Gallego, C.. 1985. Aceptación de algunos materiales de frijol a nivel de finca en el oriente de Antioquia : octubre de 1985. [Adoption of some bean materials in farms in eastern Antioquia : October 1985]. [S.l. : s.n.]. 10 h. (Es). (SB 327 .V36)

In October 1985, 16 farmers of Carmen de Viboral, located in eastern Antioquia, Colombia, were interviewed for their crop preferences and willingness to change bean variety. The variety Cargamanto was the most preferred because of its high yield, better market share, and higher price compared with other varieties, even though it is slightly susceptible to diseases and the available seed is continually deteriorating. Beans have traditionally been planted in relay cropping with maize, but a tendency exists to plant in monoculture. Farmers are willing to change their traditional variety if new varieties yield more and guarantee a better market price than the variety Cargamanto. 'Frijolica LS-3.3' is a variety that is readily accepted by consumers, and has characteristics similar to the variety Cargamanto. However, its market price is slightly lower. Other promising varieties grown in the region are V 5781-34-32-34 and V 7423-225-23-S4.

046
Viana Ruano, Abelardo. [s.d.]. Estudio de seguimiento en Cainán Panamá al proyecto de producción artesanal de semilla de frijol. [Monitoring the artisanal bean seed production project in Caisán, Panama]. Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá. Panamá (Panamá). 22 p. (Es). SB 327 .V542)

The evolution of artisanal bean seed production on small farms in Caisán and San Andrés (Chiriquí Province, Panama) was assessed. Caisán is located between 670 and 1,150 m above sea level and San Andrés between 300 and 700 m above sea level. In 1989, when the project begun, 17 farmers participated and 13.5 MT of seed were produced. In 1991-1992, the number of participating farmers had grown to 54, and 47.6 MT of seed were produced. However, in 1993-1994, both the number of participating farmers and seed production (2.3 MT) decreased notably. Among the main reasons farmers gave for not continuing in the project were unstable market demand for beans, insufficient free time, absence of technical assistance, and lack of basic seed to continue the plantings. Before the project, local varieties were used and these continued to be the most widespread, but, subsequently, other higher yielding varieties, such as Calima, Arauz, and Chileno, have been introduced. New cultural practices were completely adopted by farmers.

047
Viana Ruano, Abelardo; Contreras, Mario A.; Pérez, Carlos A.. [1995]. Adopción de la variedad de frijol CENTA Cuscatlego en la región occidental de El Salvador. [Adoption of bean variety CENTA Cuscatleco in western region of El Salvador]. Centro Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria y Forestal. San Salvador (El Salvador). 22 p. (Es). (SB 327 .V527)

Bean variety CENTA Cuzcatleco (DOR 364) was released in El Salvador in 1990. A survey was conducted among 149 farmers in western El Salvador to determine the dissemination of this variety. In this part of the country, 26,000 ha are planted to beans, mostly with local varieties. An empirical model was used to study adoption: the farmer was considered the dependent variable, and the planting system, altitude, topography of the region, distance to markets, land tenure, farm area and area planted to beans, and access to credit were considered as independent variables. The adoption of bean variety CENTA Cuzcatleco in 4 years increased from 13 percent in 1990 to 62 percent in 1994. This increase in adoption can be attributed to the variety's high yields and high resistance to the bean golden mosaic virus. However, the lack of seed, long crop cycle, and partial rejection by buyers limited further adoption. The model identified altitude, planting system, land tenure, and farm size as the factors that most influenced the decision to plant the variety.

048
Viana Ruano, Abelardo; Martínez, Julio A. 1996. Factores que inciden en la adopción de nuevas variedades de frijol (el caso de Jutiapa, Guatemala). [Factors affecting the adoption of new bean varieties (the Jutiapa case, Guatemala)]. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Agrícolas. Guatemala (Guatemala). 14 p. (Es). (SB 327 .V526)

Several studies were conducted on the adoption rate of new bean varieties in the department of Jutiapa, Guatemala, and on the factors affecting farmers' decisions to adopt varieties. Two farmer surveys were conducted: the first in 1985, among 234 farmers of 16 municipalities; and the second in 1990, among 235 farmers. The targeted region is located between 150 and 1,283 m above sea level; 75 percent of farms have less than 4 ha. Predominant crops are maize-sorghum, maize-beans-sorghum, maize- beans, and beans-sorghum. Although most farmers plant local bean varieties, in 1986 already 24 percent were using improved varieties, among which were 'ICTA Quetzal', 'ICTA Tamazulapa', and 'ICTA Jutiapa'. In 1994 the use of improved varieties had increased to 70 percent, the variety ICTA Ostúa being the most widespread. Farmers produced their own seed, with only 17 percent purchasing it from other farmers. During the survey, 53 percent of farmers used improved varieties such as ICTA Ostúa, Chibolita, Vaina Morada, Pecho Amarillo, and Pata de Zope. Among the factors affecting the adoption of new varieties were high incidence of the golden mosaic virus, which forced farmers to grow varieties resistant to this disease; higher yields of these new varieties; and their response to fertilizers. Constraints to adoption included the lack of seed, length of the crop cycle, and low competitive capacity of these varieties when grown in association.

049
Viana Ruano, Abelardo; Pachico, Douglas H. 1985. Un estudio de aceptabilidad de variedades mejoradas de frijol en el sur oriente de Guatemala. [An acceptability study of bean improved varieties in the south eastern of Guatemala]. In: 31. Reunión Anual del Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano para el Mejoramiento de Cultivos Alimencios. San Pedro Sula (Honduras). 16-19 Abr 1985. Memoria. Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano para el Mejoramiento de Cultivos Alimenticios, San Pedro Sula (Honduras). v. 3 p. 311-324. (Es). (SB 183 .P7 1985)

Improved bean varieties, resistant to golden mosaic, were developed by ICTA and CIAT, and released in technology transfer plots in 1983 by DIGESA in southeastern Guatemala. The 102 farmers who had participated in the 1983 release were interviewed in 1984 to determine whether they had adopted the improved varieties for commercial production. Survey results indicated a high degree of acceptance of the improved varieties (76 percent of farmers) in 41 percent of the bean-growing area. The survey also indicated the merits of the improved varieties as perceived by the farmers, and improved the comprehension of constraints to the use of improved varieties by farmers in southeastern Guatemala.

050
Viana Ruano, Abelardo; Rodríguez, Federico; Salinas, Reynaldo; Gamero, Sonia; Talavera, Adán N. [1995]. Estudio de seguimiento en la región sur-oriental de Honduras al proyecto de producción artesanal de semilla de frijol. [Monitoring of the artisanal bean seed production project southeastern Honduras]. RRNN ; PROFRIJOL. Tegucigalpa (Honduras). Trabajo socioeconómico. 19 p. (Es). (SB 327 .V522)

An artisanal bean seed production project is being conducted in eastern Honduras, in the departments of El Paraíso, Francisco Morazán, and Olancho. The adoption and dissemination rates of project technology were studied and the project's contribution to the timely supply of seed was determined. The survey was carried out among three groups of farmers: the first (24 farmers) had remained in the project, the second (35) had withdrawn from the project, and the third (19) had not participated in the project. Although average farm size ranged between 1 and 4.9 manzanas (1 manzana = about 0.64 ha), plot size did not affect the work carried out by the project. The farmers who continued in the project stayed because they needed to maintain seed quality, obtain self-sufficiency in seed, and receive technical assistance. Farmers withdrew from the project because of lack of follow-up, poor harvests, and unstable seed market. Before the project began, local bean varieties were used and, to a lesser degree, varieties Zamorano and Danlí 46. After the project began, in addition to the aforementioned varieties, the use of the mosaic-resistant variety Dorado increased. Technology transfer was effective, and the project had ensured self- sufficiency in seed.

051
Woolley, Jonathan N. (comp.). 1987. Taller [sobre] la Investigación de Frijol en Campos de Agricultores de América Latina. Cali (Colombia). 16-25 Feb 1987. La investigación de frijol en campos de agricultores de América Latina: memorias de un taller. [Bean research in Latin American farmer's fields]. Taller [sobre] la Investigación de Frijol en Campos de Agricultores de América Latina. Cali (Colombia). 16-25 Feb 1987. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Cali (Colombia). Documento de trabajo ; no. 27. 344 p. Es. (HD 9235 .B4 I5)

Beans/Rice Latin America

105
Schoonhoven, Aart van. Pachico, Douglas H. Rice and beans in Latin America : a summary report on the economic impact of improved varieties. Cali (Colombia) : Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1998 . 13 p. .[HD 74 .S3]

The progress and economic impact of improved varieties of rice and beans released by national agricultural research programs in almost every country in Latin America is summarized. In support of this work, they have received experimental germplasm, training, and technical assistance from the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), headquartered in Cali, Colombia. Most of this support is channeled to national programs through national research networks in which local rice and beans researchers have a vote and voice. The networks and CIAT’s international research programs enable participating countries to solve common problems through joint efforts, rather than waiting resources by working individually towards the same ends. Over the last 30 years, national program across the region have released, on overage, a total of 10 new lowland rice varieties each year. In all some 300 varieties have been released, most of them targeted to irrigation conditions. About 40% of the varieties have come from crosses mede at the CIAT, and 11% from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines. The rest have been derived from germplasm identified by national programs in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Nearly 80% of this germplasm has reached scientist in Latin American countries through an international rice testing network coordinated by IRRI and CIAT. In contrast to rice, beans were grown predominantly on a small scale, often in complex combinations with other native staples (specially maize), an in less favorable agricultural environments. The very different circumstances of bean cultivation did not mean, however, that modern crop science could do less to improve it. Rather, researchers could have to pursue a different and perhaps more difficult improvement strategy than that for rice, one that would take longer to show results. National programs have released about 180 new beans varieties originating from germplasm provided by CIAT , and an undetermined number based on germplasm from other sources. The record of impact in rice and beans in Latin America is breefly presented.